Effects of Chemical inhibition of histone deacetylase proteins in the growth and virulence of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid / Efectos de la inhibición química de las proteínas desacetilasas de histonas en el crecimiento y la virulencia de Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid

Abstract Chromatin remodeling enzymes are important "writers'', "readers'' and "erasers'' of the epigenetic code. These proteins are responsible for the placement, recognition, and removal of molecular marks in histone tails that trigger structural and functional changes in chromatin. This is also the case for histone deacetylases (HDACs), i.e., enzymes that remove acetyl groups from histone tails, signaling heterochromatin formation. Chromatin remodeling is necessary for cell differentiation processes in eukaryotes, and fungal pathogenesis in plants includes many adaptations to cause disease. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is a nonspe-cific, necrotrophic ascomycete phytopathogen that causes charcoal root disease. M. phaseolina is a frequent and highly destructive pathogen in crops such as common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), particularly under both water and high temperature stresses. Here, we evaluated the effects of the classical HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) on M. phaseolina in vitro growth and virulence. During inhibition assays, the growth of M. phaseolina in solid media, as well as the size of the microsclerotia, were reduced (p <0.05), and the colony morphology was remark-ably affected. Under greenhouse experiments, treatment with TSA reduced (p <0.05) fungal virulence in common bean cv. BAT 477. Tests of LIPK, MAC1 and PMK1 gene expression during the interaction of fungi with BAT 477 revealed noticeable deregulation. Our results provide additional evidence about the role of HATs and HDACs in important biological processes of M. phaseolina.

Resumen Las enzimas remodeladoras de la cromatina son «escritores¼, «lectores¼ y «borradores¼ importantes del código epigenético. Estas proteínas son responsables de la localización, el reconocimiento y la remoción de las marcas moleculares sobre las terminaciones de las histonas que desencadenan cambios funcionales y estructurales en la cromatina. Es el caso de las desacetilasas de histonas (HDAC), enzimas que remueven grupos acetilo de las «colas¼ de las histonas, señalizando la formación de heterocromatina. La anterior es una actividad necesaria en los procesos de diferenciación celular de los eucariotas, y se conoce que la patogénesis fúngica en las plantas requiere de adaptaciones diversas para ocasionar enfermedad. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. es un ascomiceto fitopatógeno, necrótrofo e inespecífico, causante de la pudrición carbonosa. Este es un hongo frecuente y altamente destructivo en cultivos como fríjol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), particularmente bajo estrés hídrico y térmico. En este trabajo evaluamos los efectos del inhibidor de HDAC clásicas tricostatina A (TSA) sobre el crecimiento in vitro y la virulencia de M. phaseolina. El TSA redujo el crecimiento de M. phaseolina en medio sólido y el tamano de los microesclerocios (p < 0,05), lo que afectó la morfología colonial. En invernadero, el tratamiento con TSA disminuyó (p<0,05) la gravedad de la infección en la variedad de frijol BAT 477. La expresión de los genes de patogenicidad LIPK, MAC1 y PMK1 durante la interacción del hongo con la planta reveló una desregulación importante. Estos resultados proporcionan evidencia adicional del papel que cumplen las HDAC en la regulación de procesos biológicos fundamentales de M. phaseolina. © 2023 Asociación Argentina de Microbiología. Publicado por Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.

Response of early-cycle common bean cultivars with carioca, black and speckled grains to top-dressing nitrogen fertilization

The aim was to evaluate the agronomic and qualitative attributes of early-cycle common bean cultivars with different grains types grains in response to top-dressing nitrogen (N) doses. The experiment was carried out using a randomized block design, in a split-plot scheme, with 4 replicates. The plots consisted of the cultivars IAC Nuance, IAC 1849 Polaco and IAC Veloz, with speckled, Carioca and black grains, respectively. The subplots were formed by N doses applied as top-dressing: 0 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1 (applied in the stage of third trifoliate leaf), 120 kg ha-1 (1/2 applied at third trifoliate leaf stage + 1/2 applied at the floral bud stage) and 180 kg ha-1 (1/3 applied at the first trifoliate leaf stage + 1/3 applied at the third trifoliate leaf stage + 1/3 applied at the floral bud stage). IAC Veloz stood out for grain yield, showing the highest grain yield in the lowest N doses, being classified as efficient to the use of N. The cultivars IAC Nuance and IAC 1849 Polaco reached maximum yields with 155 and 163 kg ha-1 of N. The IAC Nuance was the most responsive, increasing grain yield by up to 25.3% due to nitrogen fertilization. Increasing N doses applied as top-dressing increased the sieve yield and crude protein content of the common bean cultivars, with IAC Nuance standing out. The cultivars showed good grain quality, and IAC 1849 Polaco and IAC Veloz had the shortest cooking time and IAC Veloz also had the fastest hydration.

Aplicación conjunta del consorcio microorganismos benéficos y FitoMas-E® incrementan los indicadores agronómicos del frijol / Joint application of beneficial microorganisms consortium and FitoMas-E® increases the agricultural indicators of beans

RESUMEN El uso de microorganismos benéficos en conjunto con bioestimulantes vegetales puede ser una alternativa eficiente para mejorar la productividad del fríjol. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de la aplicación individual y combinada entre los bioestimulantes ME-50® y FitoMas-E® en el incremento agroproductivo del fríjol en época de siembra tardía. La investigación, se desarrolló en la Cooperativa de Créditos y Servicios "Mártires de Taguasco", Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Se realizó un experimento en condiciones de campo con el cultivar ʻVelazco largoʼ. Los tratamientos, se distribuyeron en bloques al azar, en esquema factorial 2×2, con cinco réplicas, dos niveles ausencia y presencia del consorcio ME-50® y su combinación con la no aplicación y aplicación de FitoMas-E. Los efectos de los bioestimulantes se observaron en los parámetros de i) crecimiento: hojas por planta, área foliar y la masa seca y ii) productivos: número de vainas por planta, granos por vaina, masa de 100 granos y el rendimiento. Los resultados revelaron que la aplicación conjunta de ambos bioestimulantes fue más eficiente en el aumento del crecimiento y la productividad, que la aplicación individual y la no aplicación de bioestimulantes, al incrementar el rendimiento en 10 y 71 %, respectivamente. Los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren que la combinación entre el ME-50® y el FitoMas-E® constituye una alternativa eficiente, económica y viable, para aumentar la productividad del fríjol en época de siembra tardía.

ABSTRACT The use beneficial of microorganisms jointly with vegetal biostimulants can be an efficient alternative to improve the productivity of beans. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of individual and joined application of the biostimulants ME-50® and FitoMas-E® in the agroproductive increase of the bean in the late sowing season. The research was conducted at the collective farmer "Martires de Taguasco", Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. An experiment was carried out under field conditions with the cultivar ʻVelazco Largoʼ. The treatments were distributed in random blocks, in a 2×2 factorial scheme, with five replications, two levels absence and presence of the ME-50® consortium and its combination with no application and application of FitoMas-E®. The biostimulants effects were observed in i) growth parameters: leaves per plant, leaf area and dry mass; ii) production parameters: number of pods per plant, grains per pod, the mass of 100 grains and yield. The results revealed that the joint application of both biostimulants was more efficient in increasing growth and productivity than the individual application and the non-application of biostimulants, due to the yield increase of 10 and 71 %, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that the join application between ME-50® and FitoMas-E® constitutes an efficient, economical and viable alternative to increase bean productivity in the late sowing season.

Mobilization of seed storage proteins is crucial to high vigor in common bean seeds / Mobilização das proteínas de reserva é crucial para o alto vigor em sementes de feijão

Seed germination is a complex process controlled by many factors, in which physical and biochemical mechanisms are involved and the mobilization of reserves is crucial for this process to occur. Although, seed reserve mobilization is usually thought to be a post-germination process, seed reserve proteins mobilization occurs during germination. This study quantified seed proteins of bean genotypes during different hydration times, in order to understand the process of protein mobilization and whether there is relationship of this biochemical component with seed vigor. This study was conducted using seeds with different levels of vigor, genotypes with highest (13, 42, 55 and 81) and lowest (07, 23, 44, 50, IPR-88-Uirapurú and Iapar 81) physiological quality. High vigor genotypes showed greater efficiency in hydrolysis and mobilization of protein component, because they presented low globulins content in cotyledons at radicle protrusion in relation to low vigor genotypes (07, 23 and 50). The protein alpha-amylase inhibitor, observed in all genotypes, is involved with the longer time needed for radicle protrusion, according to the band intensity difference in genotypes 07, 44 and Iapar 81.

A germinação de sementes é um processo complexo controlado por muitos fatores, nos quais mecanismos físicos e bioquímicos estão envolvidos e a mobilização de reservas é decisiva para que esse processo ocorra. Embora a mobilização de reservas de sementes seja considerada um processo pós-germinativo, a mobilização das proteínas de reserva de sementes ocorre durante a germinação. Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar as proteínas de sementes de genótipos de feijão durante os diferentes tempos de hidratação, a fim de compreender o processo de mobilização proteica e se há relação desse componente bioquímico com o vigor das sementes. Este estudo foi realizado utilizando sementes com diferentes níveis de vigor, genótipos com maior (13, 42, 55 e 81) e menor (07, 23, 44, 50, IPR-88-Uirapurú e Iapar 81) qualidade fisiológica. Os genótipos de alto vigor apresentaram maior eficiência na hidrólise e mobilização do componente proteico, pois apresentaram baixo teor de globulinas nos cotilédones na protrusão radicular em relação aos genótipos de baixo vigor (07, 23 e 50). A proteína inibidora da alfa-amilase, observada em todos os genótipos, está envolvida com o maior tempo necessário para a protrusão da radícula, de acordo com a diferença de intensidade da banda nos genótipos 07, 44 e Iapar 81.

Growth analysis, photosynthate partition and nodulation in bean and soybean / Análise de crescimento, partição de fotoassimilados e nodulação em feijão e soja

Photoassimilate partition and allocation among plant organs varies throughout their development and is also influenced by factors inherent to the genotype and the environment. Nodulation in the soybean-diazotrophic bacteria interaction is more effective than in the bean-diazotrophic bacteria interaction. This investigation studied growth and photoassimilate partitioning throughout the bean and soybean cycles and inferred how much it could affect the nodulation of the roots. For this purpose, an experiment with two treatments was carried out, soybean (cultivar BRS GO - 7760 - RR) and bean (cultivar BRS Estilo), with four replications, conducted in pots and entirely randomized. The seeds were inoculated with commercial rhizobia specific for bean and soybean LeguMax® (Novozymes-Turfal). Plants were analyzed throughout their cycles based on leaf area and dry mass of all organs, including nodules. Mathematical models were fitted to the data and based on them, the instantaneous physiological indicators of growth were estimated, and the percentages of photoassimilate partition among organs were evaluated. Crop growth rate, relative growth rates, net assimilation rate as well as net photosynthesis rate had higher values in soybean compared to bean, following the pattern of leaf area and total dry mass. For both species, the highest rates occurred at the beginning of the cycle, decreasing with age. Unlike the bean, soybean has a high capacity to supply photosynthates to all of its organs throughout its entire cycle, favoring the maintenance of nodule growth and explaining its greater capacity for nitrogen assimilation.

Durante o desenvolvimento das plantas a partição e alocação de fotoassimilados variam entre os seus órgãos, e dependem de fatores inerentes ao genótipo e ao meio ambiente. A nodulação é mais efetiva na interação soja-bactéria diazotrófica do que na interação feijão-bactéria diazotrófica. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar o crescimento e a partição de fotoassimilados ao longo dos ciclos do feijão e da soja e inferir o quanto isso pode afetar a nodulação das raízes. Para tanto, foi instalado um experimento com dois tratamentos, soja (cultivar BRS GO - 7760 - RR) e feijão comum (cultivar BRS Estilo), com quatro repetições, conduzido em vasos e inteiramente ao acaso. As sementes foram inoculadas com inoculantes comerciais específicos para feijão e soja LeguMax® (Novozymes-Turfal). Plantas foram coletadas ao longo de seus ciclos e medidas as áreas foliares e as massas secas de todos os órgãos, incluindo nódulos. Modelos matemáticos foram ajustados aos dados e, com base neles, foram estimados os indicadores fisiológicos instantâneos do crescimento e, também, foram avaliadas as porcentagens de partição de fotoassimilados entre os órgãos. A taxa de crescimento das culturas (CGR), as taxas de crescimento relativo (RGR), a taxa líquida de assimilação (NAR) e a taxa líquida de fotossíntese (Pn) apresentaram maiores valores na soja em relação ao feijoeiro. Para ambas as culturas as maiores taxas ocorreram no início do ciclo, decrescendo ao longo do ciclo cultural. Diferentemente do feijoeiro a soja tem alta capacidade de suprir de fotoassimilados a todos os seus órgãos ao longo de todo o seu ciclo, o que favorece o maior crescimento dos seus nódulos, justificando a sua maior capacidade na captura do N2 atmosférico.

Behavioral effects of a low molecular weight peptide fraction from Phaseolus vulgaris in rats

Seminal studies stated that bean proteins are efficient neuronal tracers with affinity for brain tissue. A low molecular weight peptide fraction (<3kDa) from Phaseolus vulgaris (PV3) was previously reported to be antioxidant, non-cytotoxic, and capable of reducing reactive oxygen species and increasing nitric oxide in cells. We evaluated the effects of PV3 (5, 50, 100, 500, and 5000 µg/kg) on behavior and the molecular routes potentially involved. Acute and chronic PV3 treatments were performed before testing Wistar rats: i) in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) to assess the anxiolytic-like effect; ii) in the open field (OF) to evaluate locomotion and exploration; and iii) for depression-like behavior in forced swimming (FS). Catecholaminergic involvement was tested using the tyrosine hydroxylases (TH) enzyme inhibitor, α-methyl-DL-tyrosine (AMPT). Brain areas of chronically treated groups were dissected to assess: i) lipid peroxidation (LPO); ii) carbonylated proteins (CP); iii) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities. Neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS) and argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) protein expression was evaluated by western blotting. Acute treatment with PV3 increased the frequency and time spent in the EPM open arms, suggesting anxiolysis. PV3 increased crossing episodes in the OF. These PV3 effects on anxiety and locomotion were absent in the chronically treated group. Acute and chronic PV3 treatments reduced the immobility time in the FS test, suggesting an antidepressant effect. TH inhibition by AMPT reverted acute PV3 effects. PV3 decreased LPO and CP levels and SOD and CAT activities, whereas nNOS and ASS were reduced in few brain areas. In conclusion, PV3 displayed central antioxidant actions that are concomitant to catecholaminergic-dependent anxiolytic and antidepressant effects.

Efecto de extractos de frutas y hortalizas en la incorporación de glucosa en células musculares in vitro / Effect of fruit and vegetable extracts on the incorporation of glucose in muscle cells "in vitro"

Skeletal muscle appears to play a central role in the development of insulin resistance (IR) and consequently the metabolic syndrome due to high-fat diets, obesity, and aging. Recent evidence suggests that some bioactive compounds present in natural products can affect blood glucose, possibly due to interactions between the compounds and glucose transporters. As an objective, to evaluate the effect of the extract of the green bean (PV, Phaseolus vulgaris) and apple of small fruit of thinning (Malus domestica, MAF and MIT extracts) on the incorporation of glucose in C2C12 muscle cells. For this, the cytotoxic effect of the extracts on the cells was determined by detecting formazan. Subsequently, glucose incorporation was determined using a fluorescent glucose analog in cells treated with the extracts. Finally, the effect of the extracts on IL-6 and TNFα production was evaluated by ELISA. Results: PV and MAF decreased 50% of viability at 1000µg / mL while MIT only decreased 10% at that concentration. PV had no significant effect on glucose incorporation and the MAF and MIT extract extracts significantly increased glucose incorporation at 100 µg / mL (13500 and 18000 URF respectively). PV increases the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α, MAF and MIT only increase the expression of IL-6. Conclusion: These results make it possible to establish natural extracts derived from thinning small fruit apple can be used as a possible treatment for pathologies with high blood glucose levels.

BIOACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS FROM SOLANACEAE AGAINST Zabrotes subfasciatus / Bioactividad de extractos de Solanaceae contra Zabrotes subfasciatus

ABSTRACT The botanical family Solanaceae has many species producing compounds with insecticidal properties, e.g. nicotine and capsaicin, which are used for pest management in agriculture. This fact provides perspectives to identify insecticidal compounds in Brazilian native species of Solanaceae. In this study, we performed a screening with 25 ethanolic extracts from 17 Solanaceae species in order to evaluate their bioactivity against the Mexican bean weevil, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). The bioactivity of Solanaceae ethanolic extracts (2,500 mg kg-1) was tested with residual contact bioassays. Adults of Z. subfasciatus were exposed to treated bean grains, and adult mortality, oviposition, F1 progeny and damages on grains were quantified. Most of the ethanolic extracts from Solanaceae reduced the number of eggs per sample, the egg-adult viability, the F1 progeny and the damages on bean grains promoted by Z. subfasciatus, but none of them interfered on its sex ratio. Ethanolic extract from leaves of Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil promoted the most promissory effects on Z. subfasciatus. This ethanolic extracts can be a suitable alternative to control Z. subfasciatus in stored beans, mainly for small farmers and organic farmers.

RESUMEN La familia botánica Solanaceae tiene muchas especies que producen compuestos con propiedades insecticidas, e.g. nicotina y capsaicina, que se utilizan para el control de plagas en la agricultura. Este hecho proporciona perspectivas promisorias para identificar compuestos insecticidas en especies nativas brasileñas de Solanaceae. En el presente estudio se llevó a cabo un cribado con 25 extractos etanólicos de 17 especies de Solanaceae con el propósito de evaluar su bioactividad sobre el gorgojo pinto del frijol, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). La bioactividad de los extractos etanólicos se evaluó por experimentos de contacto residual. Los adultos de Z. subfasciatus se expusieron a los frijoles tratados con los extractos y se midió la mortalidad de los adultos, la ovoposición, la progenie F1 y el daño en los granos. La mayoría de los extractos etanólicos redujeron el número de huevos, la viabilidad de los huevos, la progenie y el daño en los granos, pero ninguno de ellos interfirió en la proporción sexual de los insectos. El extracto etanólico de las hojas de Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil promovió los efectos más prometedores sobre Z. subfasciatus. Este extracto puede ayudar a controlar a Z. subfasciatus en frijoles almacenados, principalmente a los pequeños agricultores y a los agricultores orgánicos.

Phytonematodes infesting common bean fields in Brazil, and pathogenicity tests with Pratylenchus brachyurus

Phytonematodes are among the main pathogens of the common bean. In general, control practices that aim to control these pathogens have not been regularly adopted in Brazil. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the occurrence of phytonematodes in dry bean fields in Paraná and São Paulo states and estimate the pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyurus to dry bean in glasshouse experiments. Root and soil were sampled for nematode extraction, identification and estimation of population density. Four glasshouse experiments with different initial population densities were carried out to evaluate the effect of P. brachyurus on the growth of dry bean plants. Six species of phytonematodes were detected, namely Helicotylenchus dihystera, P. brachyurus, Pratylenchus crenatus, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus sp. The spiral nematode H. dihystera was found in all samples and was the most abundant species in both states. The lesion nematode P. brachyurus was also frequent, reaching 94% in Paraná and 100% in São Paulo. The root-knot nematodes and Rotylenchulus sp. were reported only in São Paulo fields (45% and 18% frequency, respectively), and P. crenatus only in Paraná (12%). The most abundant nematode in the soil was H. dihystera, and in roots was P. crenatus. It was demonstrated that densities of 6.66 specimens of P. brachyurus per cm3 of soil provoke visible and measurable root decay. In conclusion, survey data showed low phytonematode densities and pathogenicity tests demonstrated that densities above 6.67 specimens of P. brachyurus per cm3 of soil cause damage to the dry bean roots.

Attenuation of salt stress by lycopene on common bean seeds / Attenuation of salt stress by lycopene on common bean seeds

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that adversely affects several physiological and biochemical aspects of plants. Antioxidants can be used as a potential remediation mechanism to promote plant resilience. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate increasing doses of the antioxidant lycopene on the germination and initial growth of common bean seedlings under conditions of salt stress. Seeds were treated with the following lycopene concentrations: 0.018; 0.036; 0.072; 0.144; and 0.288 g L-1 and two controls (negative and positive) and evaluated under two growth conditions (without and with salt stress) for physiological quality and pigment content. Data were analyzed by completely randomized design, in 2 x 7 factorial (two growth conditions, with paper towel moistened with water or salt solution x seven treatments, including five lycopene doses and two controls), in four replicates of 50 seeds by concentration. With the results of the analysis of variance, growth conditions (without and with salt stress) were compared by the Tukey test (5%), and the effects of lycopene doses were analyzed by polynomial regression. Lycopene promoted tolerance of bean seeds to salt stress and had a positive influence on the attenuation of salt harmful effects to the initial growth of seedlings, mainly at the doses of 0.072 g L-1 and 0.144 g L-1.

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that adversely affects several physiological and biochemical aspects of plants. Antioxidants can be used as a potential remediation mechanism to promote plant resilience. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate increasing doses of the antioxidant lycopene on the germination and initial growth of common bean seedlings under conditions of salt stress. Seeds were treated with the following lycopene concentrations: 0.018; 0.036; 0.072; 0.144; and 0.288 g L-1 and two controls (negative and positive) and evaluated under two growth conditions (without and with salt stress) for physiological quality and pigment content. Data were analyzed by completely randomized design, in 2 x 7 factorial (two growth conditions, with paper towel moistened with water or salt solution x seven treatments, including five lycopene doses and two controls), in four replicates of 50 seeds by concentration. With the results of the analysis of variance, growth conditions (without and with salt stress) were compared by the Tukey test (5%), and the effects of lycopene doses were analyzed by polynomial regression. Lycopene promoted tolerance of bean seeds to salt stress and had a positive influence on the attenuation of salt harmful effects to the initial growth of seedlings, mainly at the doses of 0.072 g L-1 and 0.144 g L-1.

Oxidonitrergic and antioxidant effects of a low molecular weight peptide fraction from hardened bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) on endothelium

About 3000 tons of beans are not used in human food due to hardening. Several studies on bean-derived bioactive peptides have shown potential to treat some diseases, including those relying on oxidative dysfunctions. We assessed the effects of peptides extracted from hardened bean Phaseolus vulgaris (PV) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production, cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects in endothelial cells, and oxidonitrergic-dependent vasodilating effects. Extract was composed by peptide fraction <3 kDa (PV3) from hardened common bean residue. PV3 sequences were obtained and analyzed with bioinformatics. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with 10, 20, 30, and 250 µg/mL PV3. Oxidative stress was provoked by 3% H2O2. Cytotoxicity and cytoprotective effects were evaluated by MTT assay, whereas, ROS and NO were quantified using DHE and DAF-FM fluorescent probes by confocal microscopy. NO- and endothelium-dependent vasodilating effects of PV3 were assessed in isolated aortic rings. We found 35 peptides with an average mass of 1.14 kDa. There were no cell deaths with 10 and 20 μg/mL PV3. PV3 at 30 μg/mL increased cell viability, while cytotoxicity was observed only with 250 μg/mL PV3. PV3 at 10 μg/mL was able to protect cells from oxidative stress. PV3 also increased NO release without causing cell death. It also reduced relative ROS production induced by H2O2. PV3 vasodilating effects relied on endothelium-dependent NO release. PV3 obtained from low-commercial-value bean displays little cytotoxicity and exerts antioxidant effects, whereas it increases endothelial NO release.

Diagrammatic scales for the estimation of black node disease severity in common bean / Escalas diagramáticas para a estimativa da gravidade da doença do nó negro no feijão comum

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to design two diagrammatic scales for the evaluation of black node disease (Stagonosporopsis hortensis and Boeremia spp.) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The developed scales corresponded to logarithmic intervals (SADL) of seven levels and equal intervals (SADE) of nine levels. These scales were compared to the scale developed by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), which corresponds to a descriptive scale (NoSAD). In the scale validation the accuracy, precision, and concordance of repeatability were determined using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, whereas inter-rater reproducibility was determined by the overall concordance correlation coefficient (OCCC). It was observed that with the use of the proposed scales, reproducibility and repeatability were significantly improved for inexperienced raters, and reproducibility was improved in the case of experienced raters. Thus, the designed standard area diagrams with equal and logarithmic intervals are a useful tool for estimating severity under field and experimental conditions as part of the study of this patho-system.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi delinear duas escalas diagramáticas para avaliação da doença do nó preto (Stagonosporopsis hortensis e Boeremia spp.) em feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). As escalas desenvolvidas corresponderam a intervalos logarítmicos (SADL) de sete níveis e intervalos iguais (SADE) de nove níveis. Essas escalas foram comparadas com a escala desenvolvida pelo Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), que corresponde a uma escala descritiva (NoSAD). Na validação da escala, a exatidão, precisão e concordância da repetibilidade foram determinadas usando o coeficiente de correlação de concordância de Lin, enquanto a reprodutibilidade entre avaliadores foi determinada pelo coeficiente de correlação de concordância geral (OCCC). Observou-se que, com o uso das escalas propostas, a reprodutibilidade e a repetibilidade foram significativamente melhoradas para os avaliadores inexperientes, e a reprodutibilidade foi melhorada no caso dos avaliadores experientes. Assim, as escalas diagramáticas projetadas são uma ferramenta útil para estimar a severidade em condições experimentais e de campo como parte do estudo desse sistema patológico.

Occurrence of Meloidogyne enterolobii in common bean in southern Goiás State, Brazil / Ocorrência de Meloidogyne enterolobii em feijoeiro no Sul Goiano

ABSTRACT: Meloidogyne enterolobii is known as the most aggressive root-knot nematode (RKN) in Brazil. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivated in the experimental field in Morrinhos, Southern Goiás State, exhibited symptoms typical to those caused by RKN. In order to clarify the etiology of the disease, root systems were analyzed. Typical galls of varying thickness were observed, with thickening larger than 3 cm in diameter containing RKN females inside roots and egg masses on the root surface. The identification of the nematode species was confirmed by isoenzyme electrophoresis (esterase and malate dehydrogenase phenotypes). This is the first report of M. enterolobii in Goiás and in Brazil parasitizing common bean under field conditions. This result is an alert to producers and to the State phytosanitary defense authorities, in order to prevent the further dissemination of this pest, especially in fields of common bean and industrial tomato in the State.

RESUMO: Meloidogyne enterolobii é considerada uma das espécies de nematoide de galhas mais agressivas presentes no Brasil. Feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivado em um campo experimental em Morrinhos, na região sul do estado de Goiás, apresentou sintomas característicos de nematoide de galhas radiculares. Para esclarecer a etiologia da doença, os sistemas radiculares foram analisados. Foram observadas galhas típicas da infecção por Meloidogyne spp., com espessuras maiores que 3 cm de diâmetro, contendo em seu interior fêmeas e massas de ovos na superfície radicular. A identificação foi realizada por meio da eletroforese de isoenzimas (fenótipos esterase e malato desidrogenase). Este é o primeiro relato da diagnose em condições natural de campo de M. enterolobii em Goiás e no Brasil parasitando feijoeiro. Esta ocorrência deve servir de alerta aos produtores e às autoridades de defesa fitossanitária do Estado, a fim de impedir a disseminação desse patógeno, principalmente nos campos da produção de feijoeiro e tomate industrial em Goiás.

Adaptability and stability of early carioca beans by mixed models / Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de feijão carioca precoce via modelos mistos

The genotype x environment interaction represents one of the major selection challenges due to the difficulty in identifying effectively superior genotypes. The present study aimed at estimating genetic parameters and selecting genotypes of early Carioca beans by analyzing simultaneous attributes, including yield, adaptability, and stability. In the agricultural year of 2015 and 2016, three trials were conducted, using a randomized block design, with three repetitions each, in the Agreste and Sertao regions of Pernambuco State. The genetic parameters were estimated using the mixed model procedure, and the selection was based on the harmonic mean of the relative performance of genetic values (MHPRVG, abbreviation in Portuguese) method. The environments influenced the phenotypic expression of the bean genotypes during both years, setting a specific adaptation. The mean heritability of the genotypes regarding yield exhibited low magnitude values in the trials of 2015 (5.78%) and 2016 (13.77%), indicating costly conditions for the selection of the improved genotypes. Genotype CNFC 15856 was selected, considering the genetic gain predicted for yield, by the average and specific performance in the three environments, and by the simultaneous attributes of yield, adaptability, and stability. The MHPRVG method enables the optimized selection of genotypes considering yield, stability, and adaptability; therefore, it should be included in the recommended selective criteria for agronomically superior genotypes in commercial plantations.

A interação genótipos x ambientes representa um dos maiores desafios da seleção por dificultar a identificação de genótipos efetivamente superiores. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos e, pelos atributos simultâneos de produtividade, adaptabilidade e estabilidade, selecionar genótipos de feijão carioca precoce. No ano agrícola de 2015 e 2016, foram conduzidos três ensaios sob o delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições no Agreste e Sertão de Pernambuco. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados pelo procedimento de modelos mistos, e a seleção baseou-se no método da média harmônica do desempenho relativo dos valores genéticos. Os ambientes influenciaram na expressão fenotípica dos genótipos de feijão nos dois anos, configurando adaptação específica. A herdabilidade média dos genótipos para produtividade apresentou valores de baixa magnitude nos ensaios de 2015 (5,78%) e 2016 (13,77%), indicando condições dispendiosas para seleção dos genótipos melhorados. O genótipo CNFC 15856 foi selecionado considerando o ganho genético predito para produtividade pelo desempenho médio e específico nos três ambientes e pelos atributos simultâneos de produtividade, adaptabilidade e estabilidade. O método MHPRVG proporciona seleção otimizada de genótipos quanto à produtividade, à estabilidade e à adaptabilidade e, portanto, deve fazer parte dos critérios seletivos de recomendação de genótipos agronomicamente superiores para plantios comerciais.

Sources and management of nitrogen before or after irrigation on the winter wheat and bean production / Fontes de nitrogênio e manejo antes ou após a irrigação nas culturas do trigo e feijoeiro "de inverno"

Studies that demonstrate the effects of sources of nitrogen (N) applied before or after irrigation on the yield of winter crops are limited in literature. In this sense, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of sources of N applied immediately before or after 13 mm irrigation of wheat and bean winter crops. It was used a randomized complete block design, with 4 replicates, in a 5 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme, and 11 treatments consisted of five N sources: urea, polymer-coated urea, urea + ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate and a control treatment (without N fertilization). For wheat, although ammonium nitrate provided great N content in the leaves, the grain yield was lower due to the lodging of the plants; since the application of N either before or after irrigation did not influence the grain yield. Regarding the bean, N fertilization increased productivity, but there were no differences among N sources and, despite the greater N content in the leaves observed with the N supply before irrigation the greatest grain yield was observed when N was applied after the irrigation.

Estudos que demonstram os efeitos de fontes de nitrogênio (N) aplicadas antes ou após a irrigação na produtividade das culturas de inverno são limitados na literatura. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o efeito de fontes de N aplicadas imediatamente antes ou após a irrigação de 13 mm nas culturas do trigo e feijão de inverno. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições, em esquema fatorial incompleto 5 × 2 + 1, sendo 11 tratamentos com cinco fontes de N: ureia, ureia revestida com polímero, ureia + sulfato de amônio, sulfato de amônio e nitrato de amônio e um tratamento controle (sem adubação nitrogenada). Para o trigo, embora o nitrato de amônio tenha proporcionado maior teor de N nas folhas, a produtividade de grãos foi menor devido ao acamamento das plantas; já a aplicação de N antes ou após a irrigação não influenciou a produtividade de grãos. Com relação ao feijão, a adubação nitrogenada aumentou a produtividade, mas não houve diferenças entre as fontes de N e, apesar do maior teor de N nas folhas observadas com o suprimento de N antes da irrigação, a maior produtividade de grãos foi observada com a adubação após a irrigação.

Physical properties of beans of the BRSMG majestoso cultivar during drying / Propriedades físicas de grãos de feijão cultivar BRSMG majestoso durante a secagem

Beans are the main source of protein of plant origin in the Brazilian diet, they also contain phenolic compounds, antioxidants, iron, fibers and vitamins. The BRSMG Majestoso cultivar belongs to the commercial group of carioca beans, displays high productivity, excellent health and a 90-day cycle, has high yield and is resistant to disease. The study of physical properties enables the prediction of agricultural products behavior relative to responses of physical and chemical treatments, in order to allow the maintenance of quality and safety of processed foods. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of drying on the physical characteristics of beans of the BRSMG Majestoso cultivar. Beans with an initial moisture content of approximately 0.2660 d.b. (dry basis) were used, and dried at 40ºC. The following physical characteristics were determined: bulk density, unit density, intergranular porosity, 1000-grain weight, sphericity, circularity, geometric diameter, unit volume, projected area, surface area and the surface to volume ratio. Based on the results, a reduction in the moisture content of the beans promotes an increase in bulk density, unit density, porosity, sphericity, circularity and the surface to volume ratio. Conversely, the 1000-grain weight, geometric diameter, unit volume, projected area and surface area decreased as the moisture content of the beans was reduced.

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar o efeito da secagem sobre as características físicas de grãos de feijão cultivar BRSMG Majestoso. Foram utilizados grãos com teor de água inicial de aproximadamente 0,2660 b.s. (base seca), e submetidos à secagem com temperatura de 40 ºC. Foram determinadas as propriedades físicas: massa específica aparente, massa específica unitária, porosidade intergranular, massa de mil grãos, esfericidade, circularidade, diâmetro geométrico, volume unitário, área projetada, área superficial e a relação superfície/volume. Com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que a redução do teor de água dos grãos de feijão proporcionou aumento da massa específica aparente e unitária, porosidade, esfericidade, circularidade e relação superfície/volume. Em contrapartida, a massa de mil grãos, o diâmetro geométrico, o volume unitário, a área projetada e a área superficial diminuíram com a redução do teor de água dos grãos de feijão.

Genetic and morphological characterization of traditional rice and bean varieties from the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil / Caracterização genética e morfológica de arroz e feijão do Pantanal mato-grossense, Brasil

Farmers from the district of São Pedro de Joselândia, belonging to the municipality of Barão de Melgaço, Pantanal of Mato Grosso, have been cultivating for some time two rice plant materials and three types of beans that, according to them, are not commercial. For this reason, the objective of this work was to test the originality of the materials by means of genetic and morphological characterization in order to identify whether the nature of the subsamples would be effectively traditional or whether they are varieties already known in the market. Morphological analyzes of the cultivated plants (phenotypic characteristics, cycle and flowering) and seed of the rice subsamples, hereinafter called Agulhinha Vermelho and Branquinho and of the Amarelinho, Rosinha and Roxinho subsamples were performed. Also, the evaluation of distribution of comparative genetic variability with other materials of the same species, already cataloged, was determined. The subsamples were characterized as traditional varieties different from those already cataloged and they are not found in the Nuclear Collection of Rice and Beans of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa). They have distinct morphological characteristics, being potential species for use in the market of new technologies. This should guarantee to the residents of that community that they are breeders of specific materials of cultural heritage adapted to the local conditions.

Agricultores do distrito de São Pedro de Joselândia, pertencente ao município de Barão de Melgaço ­ Pantanal Norte do estado de Mato Grosso, vêm cultivando há tempos dois materiais vegetais de arroz e três materiais de feijão que, segundo os mesmos, não são comerciais. Por essa razão, com este trabalho o objetivo foi realizar a caracterização genética e morfológica desses materiais a fim de identificar se a natureza das subamostras seria efetivamente tradicional, ou se trataria de variedades conhecidas no mercado e descrever suas características. Foram realizadas análises morfológicas das plantas cultivadas (características fenotípicas, ciclo e florescimento) e de sementes das subamostras de arroz, doravante denominadas Agulhinha vermelho e Branquinho e das subamostras de feijão Amarelinho, Rosinha e Roxinho. Ainda, determinou-se a avaliação de distribuição de variabilidade genética comparativa com demais materiais das mesmas espécies, já catalogados. Observou-se que as subamostras foram caracterizadas como variedades tradicionais, diferentes daquelas já catalogadas e que não se encontram na Coleção Nuclear de Arroz e Feijão da Embrapa. As mesmas possuem características morfológicas distintas, podendo ser materiais com potencial para o uso no mercado de novas tecnologias, o que deve garantir aos moradores da comunidade, serem obtentores de materiais específicos e adaptado às condições locais.

Agronomic efficiency for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in bean cultivars / Eficiência agronômica para nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio em cultivares de feijão

The aim of this study was to identify and categorize new bean cultivars regarding their efficiency and responsiveness to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, both individually and simultaneously, as well as to stipulate the cultivars that would suit each niche market based on this classification. Three experiments were conducted in the field separated by nutrients adopting the randomized block design in a factorial scheme (11 x 4) of 11 cultivars in four doses with three replications. Grain yield was the variable investigated and the means were the basis for the classification separated by in four availabilities: low, partial, adequate dose, and nutritional excess. Genetic variability was observed among the bean cultivars for efficiency and responsiveness (agronomic efficiency) to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The following cultivars: BRS Agreste, BRS Estilo, BRS Notável, and Pérola revealed the greatest values of efficiency and responsive ratings for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, with indications for low and high technological levels. On the contrary, the cultivars BRS Ametista and BRS Sublime based on the efficiency and non-responsive classification showed a low ability to acquire or utilize the nutrients for grain formation. The BRS Pontal cultivar for all three nutrients displayed a high degree of efficiency with a value exceeding the average under different conditions of stress, suggesting that a more rustic cultivar best suits the market niche of small farmers.

O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar e classificar novas cultivares de feijoeiro quanto a eficiência e responsividade ao nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, de forma individual e simultânea, além de indicar as cultivares para cada nicho de mercado, de acordo com essa classificação. Foram realizados três experimentos em campo, separados por nutriente, com delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial (11 x 4), sendo 11 cultivares em quatro doses, com três repetições. A variável analisada foi a produtividade de grãos e as médias utilizadas para a classificação, separando-se por nutriente, em quatro disponibilidades, sendo baixo, parcial, dose adequada e excesso nutricional. Existe variabilidade genética para eficiência e responsividade (eficiência agronômica) entre os cultivares de feijão, para nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. As cultivares BRS Agreste, BRS Estilo, BRS Notável e a Pérola são as que possuem maior número de classificações eficientes e responsivas para nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, sendo indicadas para baixo e alto nível tecnológico. Em sentido oposto, as cultivares BRS Ametista e a BRS Sublime com classificação ineficiente e não-responsiva, com baixa capacidade de adquirir ou utilizar os nutrientes para a formação de grãos. A cultivar BRS Pontal para nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, apresenta uma eficiência alta ou acima da média sob os diferentes estresses, o que indica que é uma cultivar mais rústica e que atende o nicho de mercado de pequenos produtores.

Development And Evaluation Of Novel Bionanoparticles Loaded With Nanosized Lamotrigine By Using The Novel Isolated Biopolymer From Phaseolus Vulgaris Seeds

The aim of this research was to isolate and characterize the novel biopolymer from Phaseolus vulgaris seeds and to formulate lamotrigine loaded bionanoparticles using this biomaterial. The biopolymer was isolated by simplified and economical process and analysed for different physico-chemical and spectral properties. The nanosizing of lamotrigine was done by bath sonication method and its particle size in nano-range was screened by UV method. The bionanosuspension loaded with nanosized lamotrigine was prepared by bath sonication for 15 cycles (1cycle equal to 3 minutes). The formulated bionanosuspension loaded with lamotrigine using biopolymer was compared with lamotrigine loaded bionanosuspension by using HPMC. The bionanosuspension was subjected for pH study, dispersibility study, % entrapment efficiency, nanosizing screening, particle size study and in vitro study for drug release and stability study of formulated bionanosuspension. The best formulation LPVu7 showed up to 90.36 ±0.9% drug release in 36 hours. having t 50% of 17 hours and t80% of 29 hours with r2 value of 0.9927 as compared to release from LSP5 with 92.43±0.68% having t 50% of 16 hours and t80% of 28 hours with r2 value of 0.9951 in 36 hours. The results reveal that isolated biopolymer may be used as an alternative to synthetic polymer because of its novel inbuilt bioretardant cum biostabilizing properties. The formulated bionanosuspension are feasible for delivering the nanosized lamotrigine in sustained manner for prolonged time for long term treatment of epilepsy.

Presence of glyphosate can harm the germination of bean seeds treated with biostimulant / Presença de glifosato pode prejudicar a germinação de sementes de feijoeiro tratadas com bioestimulante

It is possible to cultivate common beans for a third harvest in one agricultural year due to varietal characteristics. For calendar adequacy, performing desiccation and planting often occur almost simultaneously. Germination performance of many plant species can improve with biostimulant use on seeds, however the interaction with herbicide residual molecules is unknown. The hypothesis is that seeds treated with a biostimulant in soil with glyphosate residues can eliminate the advantage of the biostimulant or increase the damage caused by the herbicide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different glyphosate reduce doses and the interaction with biostimulant on bean seed germination and vigor. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized 2 x 5 factorial block designing factorial 2 x 5, corresponding to the presence and absence of biostimulant and five different doses of glyphosate reduce rates, with four repetitions. The conducted evaluations were first count germination, germination test, accelerated aging, cold test, root and shoot length, root and shoot dry matter and electrical conductivity. It can be concluded that the biostimulant treatment on bean seeds increased germination, seed vigor and early seedling growth, but glyphosate presence reduced those advantages, increasing electrical conductivity. However, the herbicide presence provided higher germination on the accelerated aging test.

Devido às características de variedades de feijoeiro comum, é possível seu cultivo como terceira safra em um ano agrícola. Para adequação ao calendário, a prática de dessecação e plantio muitas vezes ocorrem quase simultaneamente. A utilização de bioestimulantes em sementes pode aumentar o desempenho germinativo de diversas espécies de plantas, no entanto a sua interação com moléculas residuais de herbicidas é desconhecido. A hipótese é que o uso de sementes tratadas com bioestimulante em solos com resíduos de glifosato pode eliminar as vantagens do primeiro ou amentar os danos causados pelo herbicida. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de subdoses de glifosato e bioestimulante em sementes de feijoeiro. O experimento foi realizado em blocos inteiramente casualizados em fatorial 2x5, correspondendo a ausência e presença de bioestimulante e cinco subdoses de glifosato, com quatro repetições. As avaliações foram primeira contagem de germinação, teste de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio, comprimento de parte aérea e de raiz, massa seca de parte aérea e de raiz e condutividade elétrica. Conclui-se que o tratamento de sementes de feijoeiro com bioestimulante eleva a germinação, o vigor de sementes e o crescimento inicial de plântulas, porém a presença de glifosato elimina essas vantagens, revelando maior condutividade elétrica. No entanto, a presença do herbicida proporciona maior germinação no teste de envelhecimento acelerado.